连续剧:成都，今夜请将我遗忘

《成都，今夜请将我遗忘》——2002年全球中文论坛里最火爆的小说，讲述了一群生于上世纪70年代的成都青年，在事业、情感以及婚姻等各个方面的迷惘和挣扎。文字本身就像一部“反爱情”的生活写真！如今将文字化为影像，又将会给观众带来怎样的震撼呢？
　　导演谢鸣晓表示，原作读者众多，为了对得起原作，剧本前前后后共改了7稿。“《成都》的原作者用残酷甚至血淋淋的方式讲述了一个婚姻和人生的故事，最后我们发现原来身边美好的东西是如此珍贵，这很有四川麻辣的特色。”
　　它的背景是成都，为了让观众更重视情节本身，剧组启用的都是新人。如果你看完书，一定要看一下电视剧，如果你没有看过这本书，来看看《请将我遗忘》吧，这里用犀利的方式表现出生活与爱情。
下载地址:
成都，今夜请将我遗忘1~15
成都，今夜请将我遗忘16~24

中华医药\小心便血变肠癌

中华医药\小心便血变肠癌

中华医药,科学认识营养素,巧补维A远离眼疾

中华医药,科学认识营养素,巧补维A远离眼疾.

中华医药,科学认识营养素,钙易缺失补有诀窍.

中华医药,科学认识营养素,钙易缺失补有诀窍,补钙解决腰酸骨痛.

中华医药,坐出来的烦恼-痔疮

中华医药,坐出来的烦恼-痔疮


People who have hemorrhoids have three primary concerns when deciding which home treatment to purchase. The most important factor, of course, is whether the remedy actually works. After that, the permanence of recovery and ease of use are the primary concerns. Venapro, our all-natural hemorrhoids medication, meets all three criteria, making it the most effective treatment you can find!

Venapro is the most reliable home treatment on the market. In fact, it is so effective that we offer a money-back guarantee to anyone who is not fully satisfied with the results. Few other brands back their treatments with such a bold promise. As you can probably guess, very few bottles of Venapro are sent back to us!

Our formula not only provides immediate relief from pain but also eliminates the hemorrhoids altogether. Hemorrhoids can return after a particular flare-up has been eliminated, but this only occurs when the conditions for hemorrhoids, such as diarrhea, constipation, or prolonged sitting, come back. A single case, however, will be gone forever after taking Venapro for the recommended period of time! This is because the herbs and vitamins in Venapro attack hemorrhoids from inside the body, making it impossible for them to remain.

Attempting to apply external hemorrhoids treatments can be incredibly uncomfortable, and sometimes altogether impossible. Some hemorrhoids exist deep within the rectum. Since Venapro, which comes in capsule form, reaches the hemorrhoids through the bloodstream, it can eliminate even the hardest-to-reach hemorrhoids. It's not hard to see why Venapro is the ideal hemorrhoid remedy!

For more information visit: http://www.venapro.com

中华医药,关注心脑血管健康,冠心病.

中华医药,关注心脑血管健康,冠心病.

中华医药,科学认识营养素,B2缺乏皮肤有疾.

中华医药,科学认识营养素,B2缺乏皮肤有疾.

中华医药,纠错误做法解便秘之苦

中华医药,纠错误做法解便秘之苦.


PART 1: Background

1a: What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?1b: What is the prevalence of IBS?1c: What factors contribute to the onset of IBS?1d: How long does IBS last?1e: What effect does IBS have on one's lifestyle?1f: Are my symptoms just "all in my head" or psychosomatic?1g: What factors contribute to health care utilization?

PART 2: Symptoms

2a: What are the symptoms of IBS?2b: How severe are these symptoms?2c: Does everybody get the same symptoms?

PART 3: Medical Facts

3a: What causes IBS?3b: What is the role of psychological and/or social factors in IBS?3c: Is IBS life-threatening?3d: Will IBS lead to colon or rectal cancer?3e: Will IBS lead to IBD (Crohn's, ulcerative colitis)?3f: Will my IBS eventually go away, or will I have it for the rest of my life?

PART 4: Diagnosis

4a: How do I know for sure if I have IBS?4b: Is IBS a legitimate diagnosis? Should I seek a second opinion?

PART 5: Related Maladies

5a: How does IBS differ from Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis?5b: How does IBS differ from gluten enteropathy/celiac disease?5c: How does IBS relate to other broad-spectrum symdromes, such as Fibromylagia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS), Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome (MCSS), and others?

For more information visit: http://www.bowtrol.com

中华医药/精细饮食B1流失

中华医药,科学认识营养素,精细饮食B1流失.表现在临床上病人通常首先是无力、厌食、腹涨、呕吐；其次是早期还会出现烦躁.

补肾安神药膳桑椹蜜膏-改善失眠/治疗神经衰弱

中华医药/补肾安神药膳桑椹蜜膏-改善失眠/治疗神经衰弱

中华医药\拯救骨坍塌(骨质疏松)

中华医药\拯救骨坍塌(骨质疏松)

中华医药_我的健康我做主(下)C

Main article: Health care systems
See also: Medical model, Preventive medicine, and Social medicine

Purely private enterprise health care systems are comparatively rare. Where they exist, it is usually for a comparatively well-off subpopulation in a poorer country with a poorer standard of health care–for instance, private clinics for a small, wealthy expatriate population in an otherwise poor country. But there are countries with a majority-private health care system with residual public service (see Medicare, Medicaid). The other major models are public insurance systems. A Social security health care model is where workers and their families are insured by the State. A Publicly funded health care model is where the residents of the country are insured by the State. Within this branch is Single-payer health care, which describes a type of financing system in which a single entity, typically a government run organisation, acts as the administrator (or "payer") to collect all health care fees, and pay out all health care costs.[10] Some advocates of universal health care assert that single-payer systems save money that could be used directly towards health care by reducing administrative waste.[10] In practice this means that the government collects taxes from the public, businesses, etc., creates an entity to administer the supply of health care and then pays health care professionals. Harry Wachtel estimate a single payer universal healthcare system will actually save money through reduced bureaucratic administration costs.[11] Social health insurance is where the whole population or most of the population is a member of a sickness insurance company. Most health services are provided by private enterprises which act as contractors, billing the government for patient care.[12] In almost every country with a government health care system a parallel private system is allowed to operate. This is sometimes referred to as two-tier health care. The scale, extent, and funding of these private systems is very variable.

A traditional view is that improvements in health result from advancements in medical science. The medical model of health focuses on the eradication of illness through diagnosis and effective treatment. In contrast, the social model of health places emphasis on changes that can be made in society and in people's own lifestyles to make the population healthier. It defines illness from the point of view of the individual's functioning within their society rather than by monitoring for changes in biological or physiological signs.

中华医药_我的健康我做主(下)B

Main article: Health care systems
See also: Medical model, Preventive medicine, and Social medicine

Purely private enterprise health care systems are comparatively rare. Where they exist, it is usually for a comparatively well-off subpopulation in a poorer country with a poorer standard of health care–for instance, private clinics for a small, wealthy expatriate population in an otherwise poor country. But there are countries with a majority-private health care system with residual public service (see Medicare, Medicaid). The other major models are public insurance systems. A Social security health care model is where workers and their families are insured by the State. A Publicly funded health care model is where the residents of the country are insured by the State. Within this branch is Single-payer health care, which describes a type of financing system in which a single entity, typically a government run organisation, acts as the administrator (or "payer") to collect all health care fees, and pay out all health care costs.[10] Some advocates of universal health care assert that single-payer systems save money that could be used directly towards health care by reducing administrative waste.[10] In practice this means that the government collects taxes from the public, businesses, etc., creates an entity to administer the supply of health care and then pays health care professionals. Harry Wachtel estimate a single payer universal healthcare system will actually save money through reduced bureaucratic administration costs.[11] Social health insurance is where the whole population or most of the population is a member of a sickness insurance company. Most health services are provided by private enterprises which act as contractors, billing the government for patient care.[12] In almost every country with a government health care system a parallel private system is allowed to operate. This is sometimes referred to as two-tier health care. The scale, extent, and funding of these private systems is very variable.

A traditional view is that improvements in health result from advancements in medical science. The medical model of health focuses on the eradication of illness through diagnosis and effective treatment. In contrast, the social model of health places emphasis on changes that can be made in society and in people's own lifestyles to make the population healthier. It defines illness from the point of view of the individual's functioning within their society rather than by monitoring for changes in biological or physiological signs.

中华医药_我的健康我做主(上)C

Health care, or healthcare, is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. According to the World Health Organisation, health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including “preventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations”.[1] The organised provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This can include a specific governmental organisation such as, in the UK, the National Health Service or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in Shared Care. Before the term "health care" became popular, English-speakers referred to medicine or to the health sector and spoke of the treatment and prevention of illness and disease.

In most developed countries and many developing countries health care is provided to everyone regardless of their ability to pay. The National Health Service in the United Kingdom was the world's first universal health care system provided by government. It was established in 1948 by Clement Atlee's Labour government. Alternatively, compulsory government funded health insurance with nominal fees can be provided, as with Italy, which, according to the World Health Organisation, has the second-best health system in the world.[2] Other examples are Medicare in Australia, established in the 1970s by the Labor government, and by the same name Medicare in Canada, established between 1966 and 1984. Universal health care contrasts to the systems like health care in the United States or South Africa, though South Africa is one of the many countries attempting health care reform.

中华医药_我的健康我做主(上)B

Health care, or healthcare, is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. According to the World Health Organisation, health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including “preventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations”.[1] The organised provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This can include a specific governmental organisation such as, in the UK, the National Health Service or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in Shared Care. Before the term "health care" became popular, English-speakers referred to medicine or to the health sector and spoke of the treatment and prevention of illness and disease.

In most developed countries and many developing countries health care is provided to everyone regardless of their ability to pay. The National Health Service in the United Kingdom was the world's first universal health care system provided by government. It was established in 1948 by Clement Atlee's Labour government. Alternatively, compulsory government funded health insurance with nominal fees can be provided, as with Italy, which, according to the World Health Organisation, has the second-best health system in the world.[2] Other examples are Medicare in Australia, established in the 1970s by the Labor government, and by the same name Medicare in Canada, established between 1966 and 1984. Universal health care contrasts to the systems like health care in the United States or South Africa, though South Africa is one of the many countries attempting health care reform.

中华医药_巧手键脑_放飞快乐收获健康_拯救癌变的血液C

Seniors' Health

People in the U.S. are living longer than ever before. Many seniors live active and healthy lives. But there's no getting around one thing: as we age, our bodies and minds change. There are things you can do to stay healthy and active as you age. Eating a balanced diet, keeping mind and body active, not smoking, getting regular checkups, and practicing safety habits at home and in the car will help you make the most of life.
Nutrition for Seniors

Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.

Studies show that a good diet in your later years reduces your risk of osteoporosis, high blood pressure, heart disease and certain cancers. As you age, you might need less energy. But you still need just as many of the nutrients in food. To get them
Choose a variety of healthy foods
Avoid empty calories, which are foods with lots of calories but few nutrients, such as chips, cookies, soda and alcohol
Pick foods that are low in cholesterol and fat, especially saturated and trans fats

Saturated fats are usually fats that come from animals. Look for trans fat on the labels of processed foods, margarines and shortenings.

中华医药_巧手键脑_放飞快乐收获健康_拯救癌变的血液B

Seniors' Health

People in the U.S. are living longer than ever before. Many seniors live active and healthy lives. But there's no getting around one thing: as we age, our bodies and minds change. There are things you can do to stay healthy and active as you age. Eating a balanced diet, keeping mind and body active, not smoking, getting regular checkups, and practicing safety habits at home and in the car will help you make the most of life.
Nutrition for Seniors

Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.

Studies show that a good diet in your later years reduces your risk of osteoporosis, high blood pressure, heart disease and certain cancers. As you age, you might need less energy. But you still need just as many of the nutrients in food. To get them
Choose a variety of healthy foods
Avoid empty calories, which are foods with lots of calories but few nutrients, such as chips, cookies, soda and alcohol
Pick foods that are low in cholesterol and fat, especially saturated and trans fats

Saturated fats are usually fats that come from animals. Look for trans fat on the labels of processed foods, margarines and shortenings.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(5)C

Hormones

Persistently increased blood levels of estrogen are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, as are increased levels of the androgens androstenedione and testosterone (which can be directly converted by aromatase to the estrogens estrone and estradiol, respectively). Increased blood levels of progesterone are associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women.[36] A number of circumstances which increase exposure to endogenous estrogens including not having children, delaying first childbirth, not breastfeeding, early menarche (the first menstrual period) and late menopause are suspected of increasing lifetime risk for developing breast cancer.[37]

Hormonal contraceptives may produce a slight increase in the risk of breast cancer diagnosis among current and recent users, but this appears to be a short-term effect. In 1996 the largest collaborative reanalysis of individual data on over 150,000 women in 54 studies of breast cancer found a relative risk (RR) of 1.24 of breast cancer diagnosis among current combined oral contraceptive pill users; 10 or more years after stopping, no difference was seen. Further, the cancers diagnosed in women who had ever used hormonal contraceptives were less advanced than those in nonusers, raising the possibility that the small excess among users was due to increased detection.[38][39] The relative risk of breast cancer diagnosis associated with current and recent use of hormonal contraceptives did not appear to vary with family history of breast cancer.[40]

Data exist from both observational and randomized clinical trials regarding the association between postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and breast cancer. The largest meta-analysis (1997) of data from 51 observational studies, indicated a relative risk of breast cancer of 1.35 for women who had used HRT for 5 or more years after menopause. The estrogen-plus-progestin arm of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), a randomized controlled trial, which randomized more than 16,000 postmenopausal women to receive combined hormone therapy or placebo, was halted early (2002) because health risks exceeded benefits. One of the adverse outcomes prompting closure was a significant increase in both total and invasive breast cancers (RR = 1.24) in women randomized to receive estrogen and progestin for an average of 5 years. HRT-related breast cancers had adverse prognostic characteristics (more advanced stages and larger tumors) compared with cancers occurring in the placebo group, and HRT was also associated with a substantial increase in abnormal mammograms. Short-term use of hormones for treatment of menopausal symptoms appears to confer little or no breast cancer risk.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(5)B

Hormones

Persistently increased blood levels of estrogen are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, as are increased levels of the androgens androstenedione and testosterone (which can be directly converted by aromatase to the estrogens estrone and estradiol, respectively). Increased blood levels of progesterone are associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women.[36] A number of circumstances which increase exposure to endogenous estrogens including not having children, delaying first childbirth, not breastfeeding, early menarche (the first menstrual period) and late menopause are suspected of increasing lifetime risk for developing breast cancer.[37]

Hormonal contraceptives may produce a slight increase in the risk of breast cancer diagnosis among current and recent users, but this appears to be a short-term effect. In 1996 the largest collaborative reanalysis of individual data on over 150,000 women in 54 studies of breast cancer found a relative risk (RR) of 1.24 of breast cancer diagnosis among current combined oral contraceptive pill users; 10 or more years after stopping, no difference was seen. Further, the cancers diagnosed in women who had ever used hormonal contraceptives were less advanced than those in nonusers, raising the possibility that the small excess among users was due to increased detection.[38][39] The relative risk of breast cancer diagnosis associated with current and recent use of hormonal contraceptives did not appear to vary with family history of breast cancer.[40]

Data exist from both observational and randomized clinical trials regarding the association between postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and breast cancer. The largest meta-analysis (1997) of data from 51 observational studies, indicated a relative risk of breast cancer of 1.35 for women who had used HRT for 5 or more years after menopause. The estrogen-plus-progestin arm of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), a randomized controlled trial, which randomized more than 16,000 postmenopausal women to receive combined hormone therapy or placebo, was halted early (2002) because health risks exceeded benefits. One of the adverse outcomes prompting closure was a significant increase in both total and invasive breast cancers (RR = 1.24) in women randomized to receive estrogen and progestin for an average of 5 years. HRT-related breast cancers had adverse prognostic characteristics (more advanced stages and larger tumors) compared with cancers occurring in the placebo group, and HRT was also associated with a substantial increase in abnormal mammograms. Short-term use of hormones for treatment of menopausal symptoms appears to confer little or no breast cancer risk.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(4)C

Signs and symptoms

Roughly, cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups:
Local symptoms: unusual lumps or swelling (tumor), hemorrhage (bleeding), pain and/or ulceration. Compression of surrounding tissues may cause symptoms such as jaundice.
Symptoms of metastasis (spreading): enlarged lymph nodes, cough and hemoptysis, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), bone pain, fracture of affected bones and neurological symptoms. Although advanced cancer may cause pain, it is often not the first symptom.
Systemic symptoms: weight loss, poor appetite and cachexia (wasting), excessive sweating (night sweats), anemia and specific paraneoplastic phenomena, i.e. specific conditions that are due to an active cancer, such as thrombosis or hormonal changes.

Every symptom in the above list can be caused by a variety of conditions (a list of which is referred to as the differential diagnosis). Cancer may be a common or uncommon cause of each item.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(4)B

Signs and symptoms

Roughly, cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups:
Local symptoms: unusual lumps or swelling (tumor), hemorrhage (bleeding), pain and/or ulceration. Compression of surrounding tissues may cause symptoms such as jaundice.
Symptoms of metastasis (spreading): enlarged lymph nodes, cough and hemoptysis, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), bone pain, fracture of affected bones and neurological symptoms. Although advanced cancer may cause pain, it is often not the first symptom.
Systemic symptoms: weight loss, poor appetite and cachexia (wasting), excessive sweating (night sweats), anemia and specific paraneoplastic phenomena, i.e. specific conditions that are due to an active cancer, such as thrombosis or hormonal changes.

Every symptom in the above list can be caused by a variety of conditions (a list of which is referred to as the differential diagnosis). Cancer may be a common or uncommon cause of each item.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(3)C

Cancer is usually classified according to the tissue from which the cancerous cells originate, as well as the normal cell type they most resemble. These are location and histology, respectively. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist, although the initial indication of malignancy can be symptoms or radiographic imaging abnormalities. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for different varieties of cancer. There has been significant progress in the development of targeted therapy drugs that act specifically on detectable molecular abnormalities in certain tumors, and which minimize damage to normal cells. The prognosis of cancer patients is most influenced by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of the disease. In addition, histologic grading and the presence of specific molecular markers can also be useful in establishing prognosis, as well as in determining individual treatments.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(3)B

Cancer is usually classified according to the tissue from which the cancerous cells originate, as well as the normal cell type they most resemble. These are location and histology, respectively. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist, although the initial indication of malignancy can be symptoms or radiographic imaging abnormalities. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for different varieties of cancer. There has been significant progress in the development of targeted therapy drugs that act specifically on detectable molecular abnormalities in certain tumors, and which minimize damage to normal cells. The prognosis of cancer patients is most influenced by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of the disease. In addition, histologic grading and the presence of specific molecular markers can also be useful in establishing prognosis, as well as in determining individual treatments.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(2)C

Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells are aggressive (grow and divide without respect to normal limits), invasive (invade and destroy adjacent tissues), and/or metastatic (spread to other locations in the body). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited in their growth and do not invade or metastasize (although some benign tumor types are capable of becoming malignant). Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but risk for the more common varieties tends to increase with age.[1] Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths.[2] Apart from people, forms of cancer may affect animals and plants.

Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. Complex interactions between carcinogens and the host genome may explain why only some develop cancer after exposure to a known carcinogen. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly being recognized as important.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(2)B.

Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells are aggressive (grow and divide without respect to normal limits), invasive (invade and destroy adjacent tissues), and/or metastatic (spread to other locations in the body). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited in their growth and do not invade or metastasize (although some benign tumor types are capable of becoming malignant). Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but risk for the more common varieties tends to increase with age.[1] Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths.[2] Apart from people, forms of cancer may affect animals and plants.

Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. Complex interactions between carcinogens and the host genome may explain why only some develop cancer after exposure to a known carcinogen. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly being recognized as important.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(1)C

Classification

There are numerous ways breast cancer is classified. Like most cancers, breast cancer can be divided into groups based on the tissue of origin, e.g. epithelial (carcinoma) versus stromal (sarcoma). The vast majority of breast cancers arise from epithelial tissue, i.e. they are carcinomas, which can be divided further into subclassifications (e.g. DCIS versus LCIS versus papillary carcinoma).

Other pathologically based classifications:
Location of the tumour origin - breast duct (i.e. ductal) versus breast lobule (i.e. lobular).
Histology - see Histologic types section.
Grade of tumour - well-differentiated (looks almost like normal tissue) versus poorly differentiated (does not look like any normal tissue/mass of proliferating cells) versus moderately differentiated (somewhere between poorly differentiated and well-differentiated).
Stage of the tumour.
Immunohistochemical marker status - (ER positive versus ER negative versus HER2/neu positive versus HER2/neu negative), e.g. triple negative breast cancer which is ER negative, PR negative and HER2/neu negative.
TNM classification -
Tumour size/invasiveness - presence of invasion (poorer prognosis) versus in situ (better prognosis).
Nodal status.
Presence/absence of metastases.
Symptoms

Early breast cancer can in some cases present as breast pain (mastodynia) or a painful lump. Since the advent of breast mammography, breast cancer is most frequently discovered as an asymptomatic nodule on a mammogram, before any symptoms are present. A lump under the arm or above the collarbone that does not go away may be present. When breast cancer associates with skin inflammation, this is known as inflammatory breast cancer. In inflammatory breast cancer, the breast tumor itself is causing an inflammatory reaction of the skin, and this can cause pain, swelling, warmth, and redness throughout the breast.

Changes in the appearance or shape of the breast can raise suspicions of breast cancer.

Another reported symptom complex of breast cancer is Paget's disease of the breast. This syndrome presents as eczematoid skin changes at the nipple, and is a late manifestation of an underlying breast cancer.

Most breast symptoms do not turn out to represent underlying breast cancer. Benign breast diseases such as fibrocystic mastopathy, mastitis, functional mastodynia, and fibroadenoma of the breast are more common causes of breast symptoms. The appearance of a new breast symptom should be taken seriously by both patients and their doctors, because of the possibility of an underlying breast cancer at almost any age.

Occasionally, breast cancer presents as metastatic disease, that is, cancer that has spread beyond the original organ. Metastatic breast cancer will cause symptoms that depend on the location of metastasis. More common sites of metastasis include bone, liver, lung, and brain. Unexplained weight loss can occasionally herald an occult breast cancer, as can symptoms of fevers or chills. Bone or joint pains can sometimes be manifestations of metastatic breast cancer, as can jaundice or neurological symptoms. Pleural effusions are not uncommon with metastatic breast cancer. Obviously, these symptoms are "non-specific," meaning they can also be manifestations of many other illnesses.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(1)B.

Classification

There are numerous ways breast cancer is classified. Like most cancers, breast cancer can be divided into groups based on the tissue of origin, e.g. epithelial (carcinoma) versus stromal (sarcoma). The vast majority of breast cancers arise from epithelial tissue, i.e. they are carcinomas, which can be divided further into subclassifications (e.g. DCIS versus LCIS versus papillary carcinoma).

Other pathologically based classifications:
Location of the tumour origin - breast duct (i.e. ductal) versus breast lobule (i.e. lobular).
Histology - see Histologic types section.
Grade of tumour - well-differentiated (looks almost like normal tissue) versus poorly differentiated (does not look like any normal tissue/mass of proliferating cells) versus moderately differentiated (somewhere between poorly differentiated and well-differentiated).
Stage of the tumour.
Immunohistochemical marker status - (ER positive versus ER negative versus HER2/neu positive versus HER2/neu negative), e.g. triple negative breast cancer which is ER negative, PR negative and HER2/neu negative.
TNM classification -
Tumour size/invasiveness - presence of invasion (poorer prognosis) versus in situ (better prognosis).
Nodal status.
Presence/absence of metastases.
Symptoms

Early breast cancer can in some cases present as breast pain (mastodynia) or a painful lump. Since the advent of breast mammography, breast cancer is most frequently discovered as an asymptomatic nodule on a mammogram, before any symptoms are present. A lump under the arm or above the collarbone that does not go away may be present. When breast cancer associates with skin inflammation, this is known as inflammatory breast cancer. In inflammatory breast cancer, the breast tumor itself is causing an inflammatory reaction of the skin, and this can cause pain, swelling, warmth, and redness throughout the breast.

Changes in the appearance or shape of the breast can raise suspicions of breast cancer.

Another reported symptom complex of breast cancer is Paget's disease of the breast. This syndrome presents as eczematoid skin changes at the nipple, and is a late manifestation of an underlying breast cancer.

Most breast symptoms do not turn out to represent underlying breast cancer. Benign breast diseases such as fibrocystic mastopathy, mastitis, functional mastodynia, and fibroadenoma of the breast are more common causes of breast symptoms. The appearance of a new breast symptom should be taken seriously by both patients and their doctors, because of the possibility of an underlying breast cancer at almost any age.

Occasionally, breast cancer presents as metastatic disease, that is, cancer that has spread beyond the original organ. Metastatic breast cancer will cause symptoms that depend on the location of metastasis. More common sites of metastasis include bone, liver, lung, and brain. Unexplained weight loss can occasionally herald an occult breast cancer, as can symptoms of fevers or chills. Bone or joint pains can sometimes be manifestations of metastatic breast cancer, as can jaundice or neurological symptoms. Pleural effusions are not uncommon with metastatic breast cancer. Obviously, these symptoms are "non-specific," meaning they can also be manifestations of many other illnesses.

中华医药_女性不孕特别节目_解不孕难题做健康母亲C

FEMALE INFERTILITY

Infertility occurs when there is an abnormality in the reproductive system that damaged one of the body’s basic functions: the conception of children.

A couple can be determined to be infertile if the woman is not able to conceive a child after 12 months of well-timed and unprotected sex or if she has been unable to get pregnant despite trying for one year.

Female infertility can be determined if the infertility case of a couple is related to factors associated with the condition of women rather than men. In most cases, ovulation problem is what accounts for infertility in women.

About 10% to 15% of all cases of infertility are due to ovulation problems. Irregular menstrual period or absences of menstrual period are the common signs of ovulation problem.



Some common factors, like diet, stress, or over fatigue, can also affect women’s hormonal balance.
AGE FACTOR



Fertility measures!
The age of a female affects fertility. The genetic factor is also important. The eggs in the ovary of menopausal women are not strong enough to be developed and ovulated.

In such a case they are not capable of being fertilized. Genetically deficient ovaries can be barren. The ovarian follicles are unable to develop eggs for ovulation.

High levels of FSH or follicle stimulating hormones above the level of 12 mcg/ml show that the ovary may belong to a female who is menopausal or perimenopausal.

The eggs can be measured for their capability for development, ovulation, and fertility. This test is called the clomiphene citrate challenge. Fertility rates for women who fail this test are very poor.

One fertility measure is to treat with Clomid (clomiphene citrate). The Clomid subdues the level of estrogen prompting the hypothalamus to produce more gonadotropin towards the pituitary gland to compel it to produce more FSH.

If such a measure will not induce ovulation, FSH can be introduced invasively.

Donor eggs for the ovaries are also used to promote fertility. In the end lifestyle changes and medication can be used to treat ovulation irregularities and enhance fertility.


OVER EXERCISE AND EMOTIONAL STRESS



Ovulation problems cause infertility!

Over exercise and emotional stress can lead to irregular or abnormal ovulation. The female body is not able to develop eggs for fertilization. The strenuous exercise hampers the normal production of hormones.

The stimulation necessary for eggs to develop is not done. Stress especially emotional strain can also hinder the production of estrogen and gonadotropin. These hormones are all needed to develop eggs for ovulation.

In fact eggs may be present in the ovarian follicles but if the leutinizing hormone is not made plentiful the eggs cannot be conducted to the distal end where they are fertilized.

Anovulation is a term that means the absence of ovulation. This is an abnormal condition because the eggs are not fully developed and are not released for fertilization outside of the ovary via the fallopian tube.

Oligovulation is abnormal ovulation caused by hormone deficiency. In the chain of hormone producing functions. One of the cogs fails to deliver the hormone link that puts together the complete axis of ovulation.

From the hypothalamus that produces the gonadotropin up to the corpus luteum, which produces the progesterone, the whole chain of hormones should all be complete to have a successful ovulation.

Based on the studies, the number of women who cannot become pregnant in the United States is estimated to be over 3 million. The increase in infertility cases in the US, according to the Federal Centers for Disease Control, can be partially attributed to an increase in sterility-causing diseases.

中华医药_女性不孕特别节目_解不孕难题做健康母亲B

FEMALE INFERTILITY

Infertility occurs when there is an abnormality in the reproductive system that damaged one of the body’s basic functions: the conception of children.

A couple can be determined to be infertile if the woman is not able to conceive a child after 12 months of well-timed and unprotected sex or if she has been unable to get pregnant despite trying for one year.

Female infertility can be determined if the infertility case of a couple is related to factors associated with the condition of women rather than men. In most cases, ovulation problem is what accounts for infertility in women.

About 10% to 15% of all cases of infertility are due to ovulation problems. Irregular menstrual period or absences of menstrual period are the common signs of ovulation problem.



Some common factors, like diet, stress, or over fatigue, can also affect women’s hormonal balance.
AGE FACTOR



Fertility measures!
The age of a female affects fertility. The genetic factor is also important. The eggs in the ovary of menopausal women are not strong enough to be developed and ovulated.

In such a case they are not capable of being fertilized. Genetically deficient ovaries can be barren. The ovarian follicles are unable to develop eggs for ovulation.

High levels of FSH or follicle stimulating hormones above the level of 12 mcg/ml show that the ovary may belong to a female who is menopausal or perimenopausal.

The eggs can be measured for their capability for development, ovulation, and fertility. This test is called the clomiphene citrate challenge. Fertility rates for women who fail this test are very poor.

One fertility measure is to treat with Clomid (clomiphene citrate). The Clomid subdues the level of estrogen prompting the hypothalamus to produce more gonadotropin towards the pituitary gland to compel it to produce more FSH.

If such a measure will not induce ovulation, FSH can be introduced invasively.

Donor eggs for the ovaries are also used to promote fertility. In the end lifestyle changes and medication can be used to treat ovulation irregularities and enhance fertility.


OVER EXERCISE AND EMOTIONAL STRESS



Ovulation problems cause infertility!

Over exercise and emotional stress can lead to irregular or abnormal ovulation. The female body is not able to develop eggs for fertilization. The strenuous exercise hampers the normal production of hormones.

The stimulation necessary for eggs to develop is not done. Stress especially emotional strain can also hinder the production of estrogen and gonadotropin. These hormones are all needed to develop eggs for ovulation.

In fact eggs may be present in the ovarian follicles but if the leutinizing hormone is not made plentiful the eggs cannot be conducted to the distal end where they are fertilized.

Anovulation is a term that means the absence of ovulation. This is an abnormal condition because the eggs are not fully developed and are not released for fertilization outside of the ovary via the fallopian tube.

Oligovulation is abnormal ovulation caused by hormone deficiency. In the chain of hormone producing functions. One of the cogs fails to deliver the hormone link that puts together the complete axis of ovulation.

From the hypothalamus that produces the gonadotropin up to the corpus luteum, which produces the progesterone, the whole chain of hormones should all be complete to have a successful ovulation.

Based on the studies, the number of women who cannot become pregnant in the United States is estimated to be over 3 million. The increase in infertility cases in the US, according to the Federal Centers for Disease Control, can be partially attributed to an increase in sterility-causing diseases.

中华医药_巧手键脑_放飞快乐收获健康_拯救癌变的血液A

Seniors' Health

People in the U.S. are living longer than ever before. Many seniors live active and healthy lives. But there's no getting around one thing: as we age, our bodies and minds change. There are things you can do to stay healthy and active as you age. Eating a balanced diet, keeping mind and body active, not smoking, getting regular checkups, and practicing safety habits at home and in the car will help you make the most of life.
Nutrition for Seniors

Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.

Studies show that a good diet in your later years reduces your risk of osteoporosis, high blood pressure, heart disease and certain cancers. As you age, you might need less energy. But you still need just as many of the nutrients in food. To get them
Choose a variety of healthy foods
Avoid empty calories, which are foods with lots of calories but few nutrients, such as chips, cookies, soda and alcohol
Pick foods that are low in cholesterol and fat, especially saturated and trans fats

Saturated fats are usually fats that come from animals. Look for trans fat on the labels of processed foods, margarines and shortenings.

中华医药_我的健康我做主(下)A

Main article: Health care systems
See also: Medical model, Preventive medicine, and Social medicine

Purely private enterprise health care systems are comparatively rare. Where they exist, it is usually for a comparatively well-off subpopulation in a poorer country with a poorer standard of health care–for instance, private clinics for a small, wealthy expatriate population in an otherwise poor country. But there are countries with a majority-private health care system with residual public service (see Medicare, Medicaid). The other major models are public insurance systems. A Social security health care model is where workers and their families are insured by the State. A Publicly funded health care model is where the residents of the country are insured by the State. Within this branch is Single-payer health care, which describes a type of financing system in which a single entity, typically a government run organisation, acts as the administrator (or "payer") to collect all health care fees, and pay out all health care costs.[10] Some advocates of universal health care assert that single-payer systems save money that could be used directly towards health care by reducing administrative waste.[10] In practice this means that the government collects taxes from the public, businesses, etc., creates an entity to administer the supply of health care and then pays health care professionals. Harry Wachtel estimate a single payer universal healthcare system will actually save money through reduced bureaucratic administration costs.[11] Social health insurance is where the whole population or most of the population is a member of a sickness insurance company. Most health services are provided by private enterprises which act as contractors, billing the government for patient care.[12] In almost every country with a government health care system a parallel private system is allowed to operate. This is sometimes referred to as two-tier health care. The scale, extent, and funding of these private systems is very variable.

A traditional view is that improvements in health result from advancements in medical science. The medical model of health focuses on the eradication of illness through diagnosis and effective treatment. In contrast, the social model of health places emphasis on changes that can be made in society and in people's own lifestyles to make the population healthier. It defines illness from the point of view of the individual's functioning within their society rather than by monitoring for changes in biological or physiological signs.

中华医药_我的健康我做主(上)A

Health care, or healthcare, is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. According to the World Health Organisation, health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including “preventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations”.[1] The organised provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This can include a specific governmental organisation such as, in the UK, the National Health Service or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in Shared Care. Before the term "health care" became popular, English-speakers referred to medicine or to the health sector and spoke of the treatment and prevention of illness and disease.

In most developed countries and many developing countries health care is provided to everyone regardless of their ability to pay. The National Health Service in the United Kingdom was the world's first universal health care system provided by government. It was established in 1948 by Clement Atlee's Labour government. Alternatively, compulsory government funded health insurance with nominal fees can be provided, as with Italy, which, according to the World Health Organisation, has the second-best health system in the world.[2] Other examples are Medicare in Australia, established in the 1970s by the Labor government, and by the same name Medicare in Canada, established between 1966 and 1984. Universal health care contrasts to the systems like health care in the United States or South Africa, though South Africa is one of the many countries attempting health care reform.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(1)A

Classification

There are numerous ways breast cancer is classified. Like most cancers, breast cancer can be divided into groups based on the tissue of origin, e.g. epithelial (carcinoma) versus stromal (sarcoma). The vast majority of breast cancers arise from epithelial tissue, i.e. they are carcinomas, which can be divided further into subclassifications (e.g. DCIS versus LCIS versus papillary carcinoma).

Other pathologically based classifications:
Location of the tumour origin - breast duct (i.e. ductal) versus breast lobule (i.e. lobular).
Histology - see Histologic types section.
Grade of tumour - well-differentiated (looks almost like normal tissue) versus poorly differentiated (does not look like any normal tissue/mass of proliferating cells) versus moderately differentiated (somewhere between poorly differentiated and well-differentiated).
Stage of the tumour.
Immunohistochemical marker status - (ER positive versus ER negative versus HER2/neu positive versus HER2/neu negative), e.g. triple negative breast cancer which is ER negative, PR negative and HER2/neu negative.
TNM classification -
Tumour size/invasiveness - presence of invasion (poorer prognosis) versus in situ (better prognosis).
Nodal status.
Presence/absence of metastases.
Symptoms

Early breast cancer can in some cases present as breast pain (mastodynia) or a painful lump. Since the advent of breast mammography, breast cancer is most frequently discovered as an asymptomatic nodule on a mammogram, before any symptoms are present. A lump under the arm or above the collarbone that does not go away may be present. When breast cancer associates with skin inflammation, this is known as inflammatory breast cancer. In inflammatory breast cancer, the breast tumor itself is causing an inflammatory reaction of the skin, and this can cause pain, swelling, warmth, and redness throughout the breast.

Changes in the appearance or shape of the breast can raise suspicions of breast cancer.

Another reported symptom complex of breast cancer is Paget's disease of the breast. This syndrome presents as eczematoid skin changes at the nipple, and is a late manifestation of an underlying breast cancer.

Most breast symptoms do not turn out to represent underlying breast cancer. Benign breast diseases such as fibrocystic mastopathy, mastitis, functional mastodynia, and fibroadenoma of the breast are more common causes of breast symptoms. The appearance of a new breast symptom should be taken seriously by both patients and their doctors, because of the possibility of an underlying breast cancer at almost any age.

Occasionally, breast cancer presents as metastatic disease, that is, cancer that has spread beyond the original organ. Metastatic breast cancer will cause symptoms that depend on the location of metastasis. More common sites of metastasis include bone, liver, lung, and brain. Unexplained weight loss can occasionally herald an occult breast cancer, as can symptoms of fevers or chills. Bone or joint pains can sometimes be manifestations of metastatic breast cancer, as can jaundice or neurological symptoms. Pleural effusions are not uncommon with metastatic breast cancer. Obviously, these symptoms are "non-specific," meaning they can also be manifestations of many other illnesses.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(2)A

Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells are aggressive (grow and divide without respect to normal limits), invasive (invade and destroy adjacent tissues), and/or metastatic (spread to other locations in the body). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited in their growth and do not invade or metastasize (although some benign tumor types are capable of becoming malignant). Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but risk for the more common varieties tends to increase with age.[1] Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths.[2] Apart from people, forms of cancer may affect animals and plants.

Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. Complex interactions between carcinogens and the host genome may explain why only some develop cancer after exposure to a known carcinogen. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly being recognized as important.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(3)A

Cancer is usually classified according to the tissue from which the cancerous cells originate, as well as the normal cell type they most resemble. These are location and histology, respectively. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist, although the initial indication of malignancy can be symptoms or radiographic imaging abnormalities. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for different varieties of cancer. There has been significant progress in the development of targeted therapy drugs that act specifically on detectable molecular abnormalities in certain tumors, and which minimize damage to normal cells. The prognosis of cancer patients is most influenced by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of the disease. In addition, histologic grading and the presence of specific molecular markers can also be useful in establishing prognosis, as well as in determining individual treatments.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(5)A

Hormones

Persistently increased blood levels of estrogen are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, as are increased levels of the androgens androstenedione and testosterone (which can be directly converted by aromatase to the estrogens estrone and estradiol, respectively). Increased blood levels of progesterone are associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women.[36] A number of circumstances which increase exposure to endogenous estrogens including not having children, delaying first childbirth, not breastfeeding, early menarche (the first menstrual period) and late menopause are suspected of increasing lifetime risk for developing breast cancer.[37]

Hormonal contraceptives may produce a slight increase in the risk of breast cancer diagnosis among current and recent users, but this appears to be a short-term effect. In 1996 the largest collaborative reanalysis of individual data on over 150,000 women in 54 studies of breast cancer found a relative risk (RR) of 1.24 of breast cancer diagnosis among current combined oral contraceptive pill users; 10 or more years after stopping, no difference was seen. Further, the cancers diagnosed in women who had ever used hormonal contraceptives were less advanced than those in nonusers, raising the possibility that the small excess among users was due to increased detection.[38][39] The relative risk of breast cancer diagnosis associated with current and recent use of hormonal contraceptives did not appear to vary with family history of breast cancer.[40]

Data exist from both observational and randomized clinical trials regarding the association between postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and breast cancer. The largest meta-analysis (1997) of data from 51 observational studies, indicated a relative risk of breast cancer of 1.35 for women who had used HRT for 5 or more years after menopause. The estrogen-plus-progestin arm of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), a randomized controlled trial, which randomized more than 16,000 postmenopausal women to receive combined hormone therapy or placebo, was halted early (2002) because health risks exceeded benefits. One of the adverse outcomes prompting closure was a significant increase in both total and invasive breast cancers (RR = 1.24) in women randomized to receive estrogen and progestin for an average of 5 years. HRT-related breast cancers had adverse prognostic characteristics (more advanced stages and larger tumors) compared with cancers occurring in the placebo group, and HRT was also associated with a substantial increase in abnormal mammograms. Short-term use of hormones for treatment of menopausal symptoms appears to confer little or no breast cancer risk.

中华医药_阻击癌症_把握生命健康(4)A

Signs and symptoms

Roughly, cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups:
Local symptoms: unusual lumps or swelling (tumor), hemorrhage (bleeding), pain and/or ulceration. Compression of surrounding tissues may cause symptoms such as jaundice.
Symptoms of metastasis (spreading): enlarged lymph nodes, cough and hemoptysis, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), bone pain, fracture of affected bones and neurological symptoms. Although advanced cancer may cause pain, it is often not the first symptom.
Systemic symptoms: weight loss, poor appetite and cachexia (wasting), excessive sweating (night sweats), anemia and specific paraneoplastic phenomena, i.e. specific conditions that are due to an active cancer, such as thrombosis or hormonal changes.

Every symptom in the above list can be caused by a variety of conditions (a list of which is referred to as the differential diagnosis). Cancer may be a common or uncommon cause of each item.